サイエンス ショップ ノ キョウイクテキ イギ ショート ターム リサーチ ノ シンチョク ジョウキョウ

第2 部 コミュニケーションデザイン論集論文・実践報

Detectability of colorectal neoplasia with fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the detectability of colorectal neoplasia with fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT). Data for a total of 492 patients who had undergone both PET/CT and colonoscopy were analyzed. After the findings of PET/CT and colonoscopy were determined independently, the results were compared in each of the six colonic sites examined in all patients. The efficacy of PET/CT was determined using colonoscopic examination as the gold standard. In all, 270 colorectal lesions 5 mm or more in size, including 70 pathologically confirmed malignant lesions, were found in 172 patients by colonoscopy. The sensitivity and specificity of PET/CT for detecting any of the colorectal lesions were 36 and 98%, respectively. For detecting lesions 11 mm or larger, the sensitivity was increased to 85%, with the specificity remaining consistent (97%). Moreover, the sensitivity for tumors 21 mm or larger was 96% (48/50). Tumors with malignant or high-grade pathology were likely to be positive with PET/CT. A size of 10 mm or smaller [odds ratio (OR) 44.14, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 11.44-221.67] and flat morphology (OR 7.78, 95% CI 1.79-36.25) were significant factors that were associated with false-negative cases on PET/CT. The sensitivity of PET/CT for detecting colorectal lesions is acceptable, showing size- and pathology-dependence, suggesting, for the most part, that clinically relevant lesions are detectable with PET/CT. However, when considering PET/CT for screening purposes caution must be exercised because there are cases of false-negative results

A phase 2 basket trial of combination therapy with trastuzumab and pertuzumab in patients with solid cancers harboring human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 amplification (JUPITER trial)

Introduction: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene amplification and mutations have emerged as oncogenic drivers and therapeutic targets not limited to breast and gastric cancers, but also in a variety of cancers. However, even if an actionable gene alteration is found, the incidence of HER2 amplification in these cancers is less than 5%. It is too difficult to conduct a conventional randomized, controlled trial in a rare fraction. Therefore, we have designed a organ-agnostic basket study, which covers a variety of solid cancers harboring HER2 amplification, in 1 study protocol. Methods/Design: This trial is a multicenter, single-arm, basket phase 2 study in Japan. Patients with solid cancers harboring HER2 amplification that have progressed with standard treatment, or rare cancers for which there is no standard treatment, will be eligible. Target cancers include bile duct, urothelial, uterine, ovarian, and other solid cancers where HER2 amplification is detected by comprehensive genomic profiling using next-generation sequencing technology. A total of 38 patients will be treated with combination therapy with trastuzumab and pertuzumab every 3 weeks until disease progression, unmanageable toxicity, death, or patient refusal. The primary endpoint is the objective response rate, and secondary endpoints are progression-free survival, overall survival, and duration of response. Discussion: The aim of this trial is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combination therapy with trastuzumab and pertuzumab in patients with locally advanced or metastatic, solid cancers harboring HER2 amplification. Instead of focusing on 1 organ type, our trial design uses a basket study focusing on HER2 amplification, regardless of the site or origin of the cancer. The results of our study will advance clinical and scientific knowledge concerning the treatment of locally advanced, rare solid cancers harboring HER2 amplification, using the combination of trastuzumab and pertuzumab. Trial registration: This trial was registered in Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jCRT) on February 25, 2019, as jRCT2031180150

ジンブンガク シャカイカガクテキ シュホウ ヲ モチイタ カガク ギジュツ ト シャカイ ニ カンスル ケンキュウ ジッセン ヲ ツウジタ コウド ハンヨウリョク カンヨウ ノ ココロミ ケンキュウ プロジェクト ノ コレマデ ト コレカラ

大阪大学COデザインセンターにおいて著者らが提供する『研究プロジェクト』は、科学技術と社会を架橋する人材の育成を目指す大学院副専攻プログラムである『公共圏における科学技術政策』での学びを締めくくる必修科目である。同科目は、受講生がそれまでに副専攻プログラムで身につけた科学技術と社会、公共政策との関係性についての理解をさらに深めると同時に、高度汎用力の定着をはかるために、科学技術と社会の関係性を主題とした研究活動に人文学・社会科学的な手法を用いて取り組み、研究論文を執筆するものである。本稿では、著者らの『研究プロジェクト』への取り組みについて報告し、受講生のより深い学びの実現に向けて同科目がどのように運営・提供されているのかについて、その設計上の理念や開発の経緯と併せて論じる。“Research Project” is a course the authors run at the Center for the Study of Co* Design, as the concluding part of its postgraduate minor programme “Science and Technology Policy in the Public Sphere”. In the course, students conduct their own research project over a period of one year, in which they design the project, collect and analyse data, present results and findings in a research seminar and compose a research thesis. While conducting the research project, the students drawn on what they have learnt from their preceding study in the programme, whereby they deepen and further extend their understanding of the relationships between science and technology, society and public policy and also develop transferable skills. In this paper we share with the readers how we have been developing and running the “Research Project” course since its commencement in 2013

カガク ギジュツ コミュニケーション ニュウモン

われわれの社会は科学技術の発展の上に成り立っている。これまで、科学技術をどう発展させ利用するかは専門家に任せておけばよく、一般市民はその結果を享受すればよかった。しかし近年、科学技術のために環境・生命・生活の安心が脅かされるようになり、市民が科学技術のあり方に関わろうとする動きが生まれている。これからの専門家には市民と対話する能力が求められているといえる。 本講義では、科学技術コミュニケーションとは何かについて紹介し、将来の専門家である大学院生に求められるコミュニケーション能力とセンスを養うための基礎知識を提供する。大阪大学OpenCourseWare:大学院講